The Science of the Environmental Benefits of Kelp Farms | Farmer Forum

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Hi everyone. Welcome. Thanks for

 

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joining.

 

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Sorry for the one minute delay. They’re just floating out

 

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some tech stuff.

 

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We’ll give everybody a minute to trickle in.

 

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Numbers are going up.

 

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fast

 

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hello.

 

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Yeah, this is John.

 

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Let’s see. Oh

 

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I guess I’m here. Hey, yeah, awesome. We

 

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if you don’t mind I’m gonna ask everyone to go on mute just

 

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for this section and then we’ll have like a long time for

 

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Q&A at the end you

 

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yeah.

 

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Okay, we’ll ask

 

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people join in. I’m just gonna go ahead and get started with some of the framing and

 

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before we pass it over to the the juicy part

 

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of the discussion today.

 

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But hi everyone, it’s nice to see so many familiar

 

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names and the participants and some new ones as well. My name

 

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is Lindsey Olson. If we haven’t met before I am the director

 

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of training and support here at Greenleaf and Greenway is

 

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a buy Coastal nonprofit. We’ve got staff spread out

 

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across the country on the east coast in California. And then

 

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I live up in Homer Alaska on the Nina and supiac land.

 

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And for those of you who are joining us for the

 

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first time this season, the farmer forum is an initiative

 

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that we launched last fall at the beginning of the kelp farming

 

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season and it the idea was really to try and

 

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connect to active CB Farmers together on

 

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a monthly basis to sort of dig into topics. That

 

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folks might be grappling with at different points of the

 

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season and the goal was to kind of bring in experts Farmers

 

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scientists Etc and have

 

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a sort of down to earth conversation about these

 

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questions that the industry is grappling with

 

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and so I really encourage you to ask

 

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questions today. You can put those in the

 

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chat at any time and then we’ll compile them and we’ll have a

 

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good chunk of time at the end of the call to go

 

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through those and if there are any sort of

 

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clarifying questions, I can always interrupt a speaker and ask

 

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them to just clarify quickly.

 

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We are recording the call just the note about

 

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that. So but you’re only recorded if you’re speaking so it’s being recorded

 

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in speaker View.

 

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And so most folks you can stay

 

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on mutant video or go on video

 

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if you like, but you won’t be recorded.

 

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So today call we’re gonna we’ve got

 

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a really juicy topic. We’re gonna talk about the science behind the

 

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environmental benefits of self farms and we’ve

 

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got three expert scientists here gonna help us dig in

 

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and really sort of get to some of

 

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the meat of this question.

 

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And this topic is one that I’ve been looking forward to all season

 

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and it really came about inspired by

 

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conversations. I had with a lot of the farmers whose

 

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names I’m seeing on this call, which is awesome. I’m glad

 

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some people are here but essentially over the past

 

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year. I spent a fair bit of time talking to kelt Farmers around the

 

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country spoke with over 40 different farmers. And

 

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one thing that a lot of people wanted to know about was

 

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the state of the science behind the environmental benefits

 

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of Cal parting and I think that comes

 

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from as Farmers recognizing how you

 

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know, how frequently kelp is kelp farming

 

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is how did in the media as a climate solution with its ability to

 

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remove carbon nitrogen from the brain environment support brief

 

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restoration biodiversity Etc.

 

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But what I heard from Farmers was that they were really curious

 

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as to what the science that backed up those statements looked

 

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like what those studies looked like where do

 

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scientists feel confident in these claims and where is

 

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there still more work to be done? And then how can Farmers support

 

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that work?

 

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So, um, that was really the impetus

 

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for this conversation, and I’m very excited that we

 

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finally get to have it.

 

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I did just want to point out that Green

 

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Wave has sort of taken a step in this area and

 

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this conversation pair as well with an area

 

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of our programming called the kelp climate fund. So two years ago. We started

 

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this pilot program and the goal

 

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of the program is really to get help farmers paid for

 

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the environmental benefits of their work. And so the first year it

 

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started out with just five Farmers across the country and this

 

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year has expanded to over 40 participating Farms across

 

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the US and Canada.

 

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And the KCF or kelp climate fund is it’s a

 

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philanthropically backed fund built on the donations from private foundations

 

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and individuals.

 

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And the money comes from donors who are looking for climate

 

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Solutions and have decided that the

 

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available science is convincing. We know enough to

 

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know that kelp does good for the planet and that at some degree it is helping

 

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to combat climate change and then they want to put money behind that work.

 

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And so we as an organization really want to channel that

 

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money back into the hands of farmers. So the way that

 

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we’re doing that is by paying Farmers a dollar per foot of seed

 

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string planted to participating Farms.

 

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And then in exchange to the Farmers Supply routine on

 

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Farm data collection, so they Supply sample data

 

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from their Farms once a

 

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month throughout the growing season.

 

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So the KCF just to clarify is

 

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is a subsidy program. It is not a carbon credit and I hope that

 

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we like get into some of that those details today and the

 

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discussion but essentially the payment is not

 

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tied to the amount of biomass that farmers grow and said

 

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it’s just recognizing that kelp Farms provide a bundle of

 

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environmental benefits and really trying to incentivize Farmers

 

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to smartly and responsibly scale our operations to maximize

 

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those

 

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so as we’ve launched this program, I’ve just

 

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noticed that there have been a lot of questions around, you know,

 

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the blue carbon Market or payment for ecosystem services in

 

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the news and the media in our programming and

 

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so I wanted to bring together some scientific experts

 

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today to speak to you on this

 

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complicated topic and hopefully we can all be a

 

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little bit more clarity and insight.

 

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Um, so I am very excited to introduce our panelists.

 

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We have three great scientists who

 

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are joining us and who have published scientific work

 

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on this topic ranging from ecosystem Services

 

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of kelp to its nutrient extraction potential.

 

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The first up we have Dr. Carrie Byron from the University of New England

 

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followed by Tiffany Waters at the nature

 

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conservancy’s Global aquaculture program and loss

 

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and lastly Dr. Shari umansworth the University of Alaska

 

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Fairbanks in Juneau.

 

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So I’m gonna let the speakers introduce themselves when they give a quick summary of their

 

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work on the topic.

 

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But first before I hand it over to Dr. Byron, I I always like

 

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to kick off armor Forum calls with introductions. It’s

 

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just really fun to see who comes to these calls

 

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and who’s in the room. So if you don’t mind

 

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putting in the chat, we have a fairly large group today. So

 

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we’re gonna do in the chat, but if you could put in the chat

 

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your name your role in the industry, if you’re a farmer say processor

 

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hatch Operator just curious

 

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human and then we’re in the world. You’re located.

 

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We will always love to see that.

 

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I’ll look for those. And in the

 

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meantime, I’ll hand it over to Dr. Byron.

 

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Hello everyone. Thank you for having me today. Everybody

 

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hear me. Okay and see my slides.

 

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Yes, sounds great good

 

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Well, I just wanted to start by recognizing,

 

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you know through my conversations with farmers.

 

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You know, I’ve heard Farmers refer to themselves as gardeners

 

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or stewards of

 

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the ocean and as Farmers,

 

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you’re on the water in these Coastal ecosystems

 

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very regularly, you’re likely

 

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seeing and experiencing some

 

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of these ecosystem benefits or

 

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enhancements just by nature

 

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of having a farm and tending a farm.

 

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And and let me preference, you

 

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know, everything that I say today is really in the

 

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context of low trophic level species seaweeds

 

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and shellfish. So that’s that’s

 

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where I’m referring to but you know

 

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with a really focus on seaweeds today.

 

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So your experiencing you’re seeing some

 

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of these benefits perhaps you need

 

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to be the eyes and the voice to

 

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the public to Garner for their support for

 

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aquaculture. Okay, you need to

 

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share what you’re seeing one way to communicate

 

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benefits of aquaculture

 

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is through using this vocabulary of

 

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ecosystem services.

 

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And ecosystem Services refer to

 

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the benefits that humans.

 

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Derive that are provided by

 

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the ecosystem and you can think of your

 

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Farms your seaweed Farms as ecosystems

 

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or at the very least as integral

 

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parts of larger ecosystems, right all

 

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acting together as a unit.

 

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So there are four types of ecosystem Services

 

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provisioning regulating cultural and

 

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supporting so we

 

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go through those very briefly. So you have this terminology.

 

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So provisioning oops, I skipped a slide

 

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there. Sorry. I’m having trouble controlling my keyboard provisioning services

 

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are those products

 

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that are coming from the farm. So the the kelp

 

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that you’re harvesting and then whatever value-added product

 

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that that gets turned into regulating Services

 

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refer to things such as you know

 

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Carbon management nutrient management. So regardless

 

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of whether that seaweed is growing on

 

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the bottom or on a rope. It’s still photosynthesizing

 

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and respiring as it

 

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would otherwise and participating in these these Cycles

 

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very important Cycles.

 

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Cultural services. This one’s especially

 

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important for this region where there’s New England

 

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region where there’s really an identity

 

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with working on the water. And you

 

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know, we can also lump in things like

 

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tourism in this category too. So this spans the

 

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things that are easily quantifiable like

 

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tourism in those are maybe more tacit or

 

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hard to quantify like your sense of

 

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value in your work or or your

 

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place.

 

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Working Waterfront and finally, there’s habitat and

 

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supporting services. So

 

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these are things like, you know is your farm providing habitat for

 

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wild species or species biodiversity enhancement

 

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and that sort of thing.

 

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I’m

 

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so

 

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this is all great to know like, you know, your farm might

 

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be providing some of these services but you’re likely

 

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farming to to turn a profit and to make products

 

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right you do that through making products. And so

 

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one of the things we wanted to know

 

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in my lab is if we

 

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educate consumers.

 

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On ecosystem Services would that influence their

 

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willingness to pay for some

 

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of these seaweed products?

 

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And it turns out the answer is yes. So

 

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we’ll do care

 

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funded by The Nature Conservancy recently graduated from

 

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University of New England and his thesis work.

 

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He put out a survey to Consumers asking them.

 

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You know, how much would you pay for this product or

 

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that product and then he provided a

 

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brief education on ecosystem Services much like

 

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the one I just gave and then ask

 

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those same questions again and people were willing to pay more

 

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for the same products having received just that

 

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very brief education and ecosystem services. So

 

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this is my urgency

 

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to you to don’t be shy from this very academic seeming

 

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vocabulary to embrace it

 

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and and use it to communicate some of

 

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the things that you’re observing on your farms and that

 

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we’re learning from scientific studies.

 

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Another thing that came out of this study, you know

 

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will ask the survey respondents to rank which

 

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of those four buckets of ecosystem Services. They thought

 

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was most important and we thought for sure was going

 

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to be provisioning services, but we were wrong they actually

 

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really saw the value in supporting services

 

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and providing habitat for wild

 

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species. And so this is an area that we

 

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really been digging into a little bit more. This is

 

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an area of needed further research certainly

 

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in some geographies of

 

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the world. We’ve demonstrated seaweed Farms

 

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provide habitat, very little work has

 

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been done in the Gulf of Maine and our region and New England.

 

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But but we’ve we’ve done that work

 

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and and we’re going to continue doing that works. We’ve

 

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deployed cameras at Farm sites and

 

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and nearby reference sites. We’ve

 

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collected small plastic and vertebrates

 

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using kitchen scrubber sponges. They

 

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like to get into the into the sponge. So they’re good

 

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collector devices and we’ve collected water to do

 

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environmental DNA analysis where

 

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the idea is that fish and lobsters

 

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and cows moving through the water shedding cells

 

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into the water that we can then

 

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extract the DNA and characterize who’s been in that area.

 

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You know what? We’re learning from from these studies or

 

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we did this is just a demonstrate. We’ve done this on both farms and

 

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reference sites.

 

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What we’ve learned was that in the

 

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Gulf of Maine right? We’re not

 

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seeing any impact of these Farms on our wild

 

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species assemblages. You know, the way we Farm in

 

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this region is very femoral. We remove all

 

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of the biomass and often most of the farm gear

 

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from the water as the water is warming,

 

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right and that’s when the species are coming

 

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back into the coastal areas and becoming

 

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more active in that spring to

 

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Summer transition, which is exactly when we’re

 

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finishing up our farming activities. So there’s

 

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really no interaction happening right

 

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there, which I think is really positive message for

 

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our industry because we wouldn’t

 

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want to see a case where you know,

 

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perhaps a commercially important species was coming to rely

 

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on our farms and then we remove the Farms out of the water every

 

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00:15:05.400 –> 00:15:08.600

year. So this is for our region and the Gulf

 

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of Maine. This is really encouraging news and and very,

 

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Different than what we’re seeing

 

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00:15:14.400 –> 00:15:18.000

in the literature on perhaps tropical species farms

 

300

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and that sort of thing.

 

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So I’ll leave you I’ll leave you with that.

 

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Here’s a wheel of some additional ecosystem services

 

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00:15:25.400 –> 00:15:28.600

to consider for

 

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00:15:28.600 –> 00:15:31.400

seaweed and look forward

 

305

00:15:31.400 –> 00:15:34.200

to engaging in discussion after we hear from our other

 

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00:15:34.200 –> 00:15:35.100

speakers. Thank you.

 

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00:15:38.500 –> 00:15:39.700

Thanks Carrie. That’s great.

 

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00:15:40.500 –> 00:15:43.100

I’ll go ahead and pass the mic doesn’t look like they have any

 

309

00:15:43.100 –> 00:15:46.100

questions yet. So we’ll save those for the end and pass the mic

 

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00:15:46.100 –> 00:15:49.200

right over to Tiffany. All right. Thanks so much. I’ll share screen

 

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00:15:49.200 –> 00:15:49.700

here.

 

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00:15:52.600 –> 00:15:54.300

And give me a second.

 

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I think that should be everyone see that.

 

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00:15:58.300 –> 00:16:01.600

Okay, wonderful. So hi everybody. I am Tiffany Waters.

 

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00:16:01.600 –> 00:16:04.800

I am the global culture manager for the nature

 

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00:16:04.800 –> 00:16:07.300

conservancy and really love

 

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00:16:07.300 –> 00:16:10.600

the presentation from Gary really fortunate to be partnering

 

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00:16:10.600 –> 00:16:13.300

on that work. And so we’re really excited for the results in

 

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00:16:13.300 –> 00:16:16.100

terms of some of the in the water study today. I’m gonna be

 

320

00:16:16.100 –> 00:16:20.200

focusing more on some of our synthesis science that we’ve done and I

 

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00:16:19.200 –> 00:16:22.500

will have the office by saying that I lead our

 

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00:16:22.500 –> 00:16:25.300

Global seaweed initiative but a lot of the work

 

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00:16:25.300 –> 00:16:28.800

has been led by our Global agriculture scientists Heidi

 

324

00:16:28.800 –> 00:16:31.200

Alloway, so I want to make sure that provide that

 

325

00:16:31.200 –> 00:16:34.400

caveat even though I’ve been involved in a lot of these different studies.

 

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00:16:34.400 –> 00:16:37.700

She’s our lead and always want to make sure to give her proper do because

 

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00:16:37.700 –> 00:16:40.500

she’s amazing and wonderful. Um, okay. So

 

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00:16:40.500 –> 00:16:43.500

for those that are not familiar TNC is

 

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00:16:43.500 –> 00:16:47.600

a science-based environmental organization and our

 

330

00:16:46.600 –> 00:16:50.600

mission really is to conserve

 

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00:16:49.600 –> 00:16:52.400

the lands and Waters in which all life

 

332

00:16:52.400 –> 00:16:55.700

depends. So one of our primary priorities though

 

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00:16:55.700 –> 00:16:57.900

to achieve this mission in addition to

 

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00:16:58.200 –> 00:17:01.700

Will protecting land ocean water and tackling

 

335

00:17:01.700 –> 00:17:04.900

climate change is how do you ensure the sustainable

 

336

00:17:04.900 –> 00:17:07.700

provision of food and water given a growing

 

337

00:17:07.700 –> 00:17:10.100

population and I’m going to

 

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00:17:10.100 –> 00:17:13.200

show a slide here that I know I’m preaching the choir here,

 

339

00:17:13.200 –> 00:17:16.400

but this is just kind of a slide that

 

340

00:17:16.400 –> 00:17:19.700

we show to show to talk to people about why is TNC

 

341

00:17:19.700 –> 00:17:23.600

interested in aquaculture because I think that for

 

342

00:17:22.600 –> 00:17:26.600

a lot of years larger environmental

 

343

00:17:26.600 –> 00:17:29.900

organizations have really shied away from aquaculture and

 

344

00:17:29.900 –> 00:17:32.400

even been fearful in terms of the historic

 

345

00:17:32.400 –> 00:17:35.500

impacts that it’s had and but there’s this

 

346

00:17:35.500 –> 00:17:39.300

really growing awareness that certain types of marine

 

347

00:17:38.300 –> 00:17:41.300

aquaculture can be a sustainable source

 

348

00:17:41.300 –> 00:17:44.500

of food and products a valuable source

 

349

00:17:44.500 –> 00:17:47.400

of protein with high nutritional value. But when done well

 

350

00:17:47.400 –> 00:17:50.300

when practice with good attention avoid environmental

 

351

00:17:50.300 –> 00:17:53.300

impacts, it can be produced using just

 

352

00:17:53.300 –> 00:17:56.900

a fraction of the inputs required for the farming of terrestrial

 

353

00:17:56.900 –> 00:17:58.200

sources of protein and product.

 

354

00:17:58.200 –> 00:18:01.900

Us with significantly lower emissions so, you know

 

355

00:18:01.900 –> 00:18:04.300

in the beginning Lindsay talked about you know, what do

 

356

00:18:04.300 –> 00:18:08.000

we know? What are we? What are we what are we completely sure of versus you

 

357

00:18:07.300 –> 00:18:10.400

know, some of the areas where we’re thinking more dad

 

358

00:18:10.400 –> 00:18:13.200

needs to happen. This is something we’re very sure of we think that

 

359

00:18:13.200 –> 00:18:17.000

in comparison to other ways of

 

360

00:18:16.200 –> 00:18:20.600

producing protein and products fish shellfish

 

361

00:18:19.600 –> 00:18:22.400

seaweed Stacks up incredibly. Well,

 

362

00:18:22.400 –> 00:18:25.500

so just from a low resource utilization

 

363

00:18:25.500 –> 00:18:27.300

perspective when it’s farmed well,

 

364

00:18:28.700 –> 00:18:31.200

Um Beyond this though. So in addition

 

365

00:18:31.200 –> 00:18:35.000

to this generally lower environmental footprint were all

 

366

00:18:34.100 –> 00:18:37.500

so beginning to understand that certain approaches to

 

367

00:18:37.500 –> 00:18:40.500

aquaculture and certain species such as shellfish and

 

368

00:18:40.500 –> 00:18:43.600

seaweed can also provide really important benefits to

 

369

00:18:43.600 –> 00:18:47.100

the environment hence. Today’s session. So restorative

 

370

00:18:46.100 –> 00:18:49.500

aquaculture as we call it can be

 

371

00:18:49.500 –> 00:18:53.300

viewed as an analog to regenerative agriculture regenerative agriculture.

 

372

00:18:52.300 –> 00:18:55.700

It provides an opportunity to improve

 

373

00:18:55.700 –> 00:18:58.500

the health aquatic ecosystems while providing

 

374

00:18:58.500 –> 00:19:01.400

food and economic outcomes as

 

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00:19:01.400 –> 00:19:04.200

well. So there’s a growing level of

 

376

00:19:04.200 –> 00:19:07.300

research in these areas and I’m going to kind of go through

 

377

00:19:07.300 –> 00:19:10.600

some of the work that we’ve done. So this very basic

 

378

00:19:10.600 –> 00:19:13.900

slide, but from tnc’s perspective. This is

 

379

00:19:13.900 –> 00:19:16.800

how we see things in terms of where the

 

380

00:19:16.800 –> 00:19:19.900

scientific literature is strongest. So we

 

381

00:19:19.900 –> 00:19:22.600

see it as strongest for water quality benefits

 

382

00:19:22.600 –> 00:19:25.300

in terms of nutrient extraction. We think there’s

 

383

00:19:25.300 –> 00:19:27.800

good data as well around habit.

 

384

00:19:27.800 –> 00:19:30.800

Benefits in terms of reproduction for

 

385

00:19:30.800 –> 00:19:33.800

shelter for fish and other animals. However, a

 

386

00:19:33.800 –> 00:19:36.400

lot of the data that’s come out in these Studies have

 

387

00:19:36.400 –> 00:19:39.500

been in tropical systems. And so there’s just recently new

 

388

00:19:39.500 –> 00:19:42.400

new studies emerging a new data

 

389

00:19:42.400 –> 00:19:45.900

around temperate systems. And then we put climate kind

 

390

00:19:45.900 –> 00:19:48.300

of on this other side, which is that there’s some data

 

391

00:19:48.300 –> 00:19:51.700

here in terms of carbon sequestration and ocean

 

392

00:19:51.700 –> 00:19:54.400

acidification buffering potential, but we really

 

393

00:19:54.400 –> 00:19:57.100

need to do additional research in these areas. So it says

 

394

00:19:57.100 –> 00:20:00.800

it’s kind of our general slide in terms of our comfortability

 

395

00:20:00.800 –> 00:20:02.700

and looking at the scientific literature.

 

396

00:20:03.500 –> 00:20:06.700

So with this in mind, this is some

 

397

00:20:06.700 –> 00:20:10.000

work that we’ve done recently on water quality. So

 

398

00:20:09.900 –> 00:20:12.300

because there’s actually a ton of

 

399

00:20:12.300 –> 00:20:15.200

data in the literature. We’re not only able to

 

400

00:20:15.200 –> 00:20:18.300

say that this is a benefit we’re able to also look

 

401

00:20:18.300 –> 00:20:22.000

at and quantify and monetize the impacts

 

402

00:20:21.200 –> 00:20:24.300

of bivalve and seaweed farming as a

 

403

00:20:24.300 –> 00:20:27.700

regulating service via removal of nitrogen from Nearshore

 

404

00:20:27.700 –> 00:20:30.400

water. So we even went and we’re able to look at

 

405

00:20:30.400 –> 00:20:33.800

a ton of literature and say, okay, let’s apply monetary

 

406

00:20:33.800 –> 00:20:36.200

values to this. We looked at 75 different

 

407

00:20:36.200 –> 00:20:39.700

valuations of nature removal in coastal systems, and

 

408

00:20:39.700 –> 00:20:42.500

we considered values derived from both observed

 

409

00:20:42.500 –> 00:20:45.900

payments with a nutrient offsetting training programs and those

 

410

00:20:45.900 –> 00:20:48.400

derive from replacement cost methods and what you’re seeing

 

411

00:20:48.400 –> 00:20:51.400

here really though. I know it’s kind of a academic kind

 

412

00:20:51.400 –> 00:20:54.200

of jumble here. But what you’re seeing here

 

413

00:20:54.200 –> 00:20:57.700

is real value that we’ve been able to translate into economic

 

414

00:20:57.700 –> 00:21:01.000

value that these Farms are providing and there

 

415

00:21:00.300 –> 00:21:02.900

is a lot of uncertainty. So we’re making sure to

 

416

00:21:03.500 –> 00:21:06.000

you know include these different ranges, but when you look at

 

417

00:21:06.300 –> 00:21:09.600

a median, you can see seaweed here. If you’re looking at the value

 

418

00:21:09.600 –> 00:21:12.900

of US dollars per hectare

 

419

00:21:12.900 –> 00:21:15.400

per year, you know, it’s a $9,000 value just

 

420

00:21:15.400 –> 00:21:19.300

from the nitrogen removal through bio-extraction. So

 

421

00:21:18.300 –> 00:21:21.200

that’s something that we feel pretty confident in from the

 

422

00:21:21.200 –> 00:21:21.600

literature.

 

423

00:21:22.500 –> 00:21:26.300

I would say next this is also a recent study. So

 

424

00:21:25.300 –> 00:21:28.400

it’s relatively new and growing area of research

 

425

00:21:28.400 –> 00:21:32.000

is you know, how significant of a value could environmental

 

426

00:21:31.600 –> 00:21:34.400

could habitat benefits be so we

 

427

00:21:34.400 –> 00:21:37.700

completed a global review of the literature and analyze

 

428

00:21:37.700 –> 00:21:40.500

to 65 different studies to quantify the

 

429

00:21:40.500 –> 00:21:43.300

relative habitat benefits of muscles of

 

430

00:21:43.300 –> 00:21:46.600

oysters clams seaweed farms in comparison to

 

431

00:21:46.600 –> 00:21:50.200

nearby reference sites so sites without aquaculture it

 

432

00:21:49.200 –> 00:21:52.500

will be found in these studies is an

 

433

00:21:52.500 –> 00:21:55.200

increased effect of diversity in abundance across all

 

434

00:21:55.200 –> 00:21:59.000

farming species, but the size of this effect vary. So

 

435

00:21:58.200 –> 00:22:02.300

for example, you see muscle aquaculture was

 

436

00:22:01.300 –> 00:22:04.500

found to have an abundance of fish and mobile

 

437

00:22:04.500 –> 00:22:07.500

macron verdicts an average of 3.6 times greater

 

438

00:22:07.500 –> 00:22:10.600

than nearby reference sites, but the diversity

 

439

00:22:10.600 –> 00:22:13.200

of species was more strongly enhanced by

 

440

00:22:13.200 –> 00:22:16.400

oyster and seaweed aquaculture with that effect being an

 

441

00:22:16.400 –> 00:22:19.500

average of 1.3 times in each instance, and I

 

442

00:22:19.500 –> 00:22:22.200

should mention that I generally have

 

443

00:22:22.500 –> 00:22:26.100

The full paper as

 

444

00:22:25.100 –> 00:22:28.200

well as the link and this as well so we can share

 

445

00:22:28.200 –> 00:22:31.500

this slide deck for those that are interested in looking up these resources

 

446

00:22:31.500 –> 00:22:31.900

online.

 

447

00:22:33.800 –> 00:22:36.400

And on to the climate change

 

448

00:22:36.400 –> 00:22:39.700

medication, so there’s obviously a lot of interest about

 

449

00:22:39.700 –> 00:22:43.100

carbon sequestration potential of seaweeds. So

 

450

00:22:42.100 –> 00:22:45.500

we recently completed a piece of research that

 

451

00:22:45.500 –> 00:22:49.000

reviewed the emissions reduction and sequestration

 

452

00:22:48.700 –> 00:22:52.100

potential in fed, finfish baival

 

453

00:22:51.100 –> 00:22:54.600

and seaweed miracula, and

 

454

00:22:54.600 –> 00:22:58.000

we identified a suite of practices that could provide meful

 

455

00:22:57.300 –> 00:23:00.500

gains requirement mitigation but emphasis on

 

456

00:23:00.500 –> 00:23:03.500

could so there definitely is a need for additional research in

 

457

00:23:03.500 –> 00:23:06.100

these areas, but I think that this graphic is

 

458

00:23:06.100 –> 00:23:09.700

interesting in that it’s showing the different potential Pathways some of

 

459

00:23:09.700 –> 00:23:12.800

which that people are not thinking about as much

 

460

00:23:12.800 –> 00:23:15.500

as they might be there’s a lot of interest and excitement around

 

461

00:23:15.500 –> 00:23:18.400

let’s say the potential for sequestration to deep

 

462

00:23:18.400 –> 00:23:21.600

sea, but there’s also some really interesting data literature

 

463

00:23:21.600 –> 00:23:24.500

showing that CV can be carbon donor

 

464

00:23:24.500 –> 00:23:28.100

to enhance existing blue carbon

 

465

00:23:27.100 –> 00:23:31.300

habitat, so it can contribute to the health

 

466

00:23:31.300 –> 00:23:33.600

and sequestration of you know blue car.

 

467

00:23:33.700 –> 00:23:37.300

Habitats like seagrasses or mangroves From tnc’s

 

468

00:23:36.300 –> 00:23:39.500

perspective. We get really interested in the product use

 

469

00:23:39.500 –> 00:23:42.900

angle. We think that seaweed can really potentially have

 

470

00:23:42.900 –> 00:23:45.700

a lot of emissions kind of Saved or

 

471

00:23:45.700 –> 00:23:48.700

removed when in comparison to other higher

 

472

00:23:48.700 –> 00:23:51.500

resource products. So on

 

473

00:23:51.500 –> 00:23:54.700

that on that note something that

 

474

00:23:54.700 –> 00:23:57.800

we’re currently working on right now is a seaweed

 

475

00:23:57.800 –> 00:24:01.000

blue carbon model. So we’re creating open source

 

476

00:24:00.100 –> 00:24:03.500

blue carbon mathematical model. It’s using

 

477

00:24:03.500 –> 00:24:06.600

the scientific literature that we have to date and we’re

 

478

00:24:06.600 –> 00:24:09.600

estimating help production Associated missions.

 

479

00:24:10.200 –> 00:24:14.000

And the potential for marine carbon sequestration or carbon

 

480

00:24:13.400 –> 00:24:16.700

emissions avoid it by seaweed replacement

 

481

00:24:16.700 –> 00:24:19.200

products. So our goal is by this

 

482

00:24:19.200 –> 00:24:22.700

July to have this model be publicly available

 

483

00:24:22.700 –> 00:24:25.400

web-based interactive. So the user can input

 

484

00:24:25.400 –> 00:24:29.000

different seaweed species locations Farm sizes and potential

 

485

00:24:28.400 –> 00:24:32.000

product applications. So that different farming

 

486

00:24:31.300 –> 00:24:34.300

scenarios can be run to be assessing that

 

487

00:24:34.300 –> 00:24:37.200

kind of net carbon sequestered. We have a version one that we’ve

 

488

00:24:37.200 –> 00:24:41.200

completed that we’re putting to a manuscript right now so far. The

 

489

00:24:40.200 –> 00:24:43.400

version was based in British Columbia. A lot

 

490

00:24:43.400 –> 00:24:47.100

of the potential that we see is in the product is in

 

491

00:24:46.100 –> 00:24:50.000

the product angle in terms of missions avoided so

 

492

00:24:49.600 –> 00:24:54.100

but right now again, we’re we’re kind

 

493

00:24:52.100 –> 00:24:55.500

of editing it

 

494

00:24:55.500 –> 00:24:58.400

to be not just British Columbia specific and

 

495

00:24:58.400 –> 00:25:00.900

to include other species as well.

 

496

00:25:01.600 –> 00:25:04.300

So one thing that I’ll kind of end on is that

 

497

00:25:04.300 –> 00:25:07.400

we have a really great resource. At least I think it’s a great resource. Hopefully it

 

498

00:25:07.400 –> 00:25:10.100

is online. It’s called the global principles of

 

499

00:25:10.100 –> 00:25:13.900

restorative aquaculture. We put this out a little over a year ago. And

 

500

00:25:13.900 –> 00:25:17.300

we really brought together a lot of different 12 different

 

501

00:25:17.300 –> 00:25:20.200

organizations people that were all working in

 

502

00:25:20.200 –> 00:25:23.100

the restorative aquaculture space and said, hey, we think we need

 

503

00:25:23.100 –> 00:25:26.400

to provide a little more guidance here about what we mean when we

 

504

00:25:26.400 –> 00:25:29.500

say restorative aquaculture. So we really focused in on a

 

505

00:25:29.500 –> 00:25:33.500

definition on drivers on different roadmaps including

 

506

00:25:32.500 –> 00:25:35.600

case studies. And we also included a

 

507

00:25:35.600 –> 00:25:38.500

small kind of state of the science as it is for water

 

508

00:25:38.500 –> 00:25:41.900

quality habitat provisioning climate. And so

 

509

00:25:41.900 –> 00:25:44.900

this was the definition that we all came to around

 

510

00:25:44.900 –> 00:25:47.300

what is for story of aquaculture. It’s when

 

511

00:25:47.300 –> 00:25:50.400

commercial or subsistence aquaculture is providing

 

512

00:25:50.400 –> 00:25:54.300

those direct ecological benefits with the potential to

 

513

00:25:53.300 –> 00:25:56.900

generate net positive environmental outcomes.

 

514

00:25:56.900 –> 00:25:59.800

So that was really a guiding star for us and

 

515

00:25:59.800 –> 00:26:01.500

how we think of restorative a

 

516

00:26:01.600 –> 00:26:04.400

wheelchair as differing from ecologically sustainable development

 

517

00:26:04.400 –> 00:26:07.900

trying to really get to that accruing benefits for

 

518

00:26:07.900 –> 00:26:09.200

a net positive outcome.

 

519

00:26:10.200 –> 00:26:14.100

And here’s some of the principles that we had within the

 

520

00:26:14.100 –> 00:26:17.300

paper as well. Just knowing that you know

 

521

00:26:17.300 –> 00:26:21.500

gender practices aren’t a one size fits-all approach. So really

 

522

00:26:20.500 –> 00:26:23.300

know that it’s context-specific. So we

 

523

00:26:23.300 –> 00:26:27.600

had some kind of broad overall arching principles knowing

 

524

00:26:27.600 –> 00:26:30.500

that all of these different drivers really can

 

525

00:26:30.500 –> 00:26:33.500

you know decide whether or not aquaculture is

 

526

00:26:33.500 –> 00:26:37.100

an impact or a benefit and additional kind of guidance within

 

527

00:26:36.100 –> 00:26:40.400

the documents around these and then

 

528

00:26:40.400 –> 00:26:43.700

I think I have yeah one more slide here where we

 

529

00:26:43.700 –> 00:26:46.400

included some really Broad Road maps for

 

530

00:26:46.400 –> 00:26:49.200

industry and government and we had if you’re

 

531

00:26:49.200 –> 00:26:52.700

looking to have have your aquaculture operation result

 

532

00:26:52.700 –> 00:26:55.500

in an overall water quality improvement. What are

 

533

00:26:55.500 –> 00:26:58.400

some of the questions you might want to ask, you know, how you kind of

 

534

00:26:58.400 –> 00:27:01.300

work your way through the roadmap and then we have some additional

 

535

00:27:01.300 –> 00:27:04.600

guidance as well and we have roadmaps for water quality for

 

536

00:27:04.600 –> 00:27:07.700

habitat provisioning and we have two very provisional

 

537

00:27:07.700 –> 00:27:09.400

roadmaps around climate.

 

538

00:27:10.200 –> 00:27:13.700

When we had to really Stamp Those as provisional knowing that additional research

 

539

00:27:13.700 –> 00:27:15.500

needs to happen in that space.

 

540

00:27:16.300 –> 00:27:19.500

So I think that’s at the end of me there

 

541

00:27:19.500 –> 00:27:22.600

and I’ll stop sharing. I

 

542

00:27:22.600 –> 00:27:25.300

do have more slides about our seaweed program

 

543

00:27:25.300 –> 00:27:28.600

in general, but I’ll I’ll include

 

544

00:27:28.600 –> 00:27:31.200

those as a slide Jack if anyone’s interested in them when we send that

 

545

00:27:31.200 –> 00:27:31.300

out.

 

546

00:27:32.600 –> 00:27:35.700

Wonderful. Thank you so much to me. We already had one request for slide.

 

547

00:27:35.700 –> 00:27:38.600

So folks are interested in those resources and some

 

548

00:27:38.600 –> 00:27:41.300

really beautiful and informative Graphics there. Thank

 

549

00:27:41.300 –> 00:27:42.700

you for sharing.

 

550

00:27:43.600 –> 00:27:46.100

And let’s hand it over to our last

 

551

00:27:46.100 –> 00:27:47.100

speaker Sherry.

 

552

00:27:50.900 –> 00:27:53.700

Just a moment here. Sure screen

 

553

00:27:53.700 –> 00:27:54.900

and let me go to

 

554

00:27:55.500 –> 00:27:57.800

percentage well

 

555

00:28:00.300 –> 00:28:01.800

and present

 

556

00:28:04.100 –> 00:28:06.300

all right, because these what is it?

 

557

00:28:06.600 –> 00:28:07.500

Yes, awesome.

 

558

00:28:08.600 –> 00:28:12.400

Yeah, thank you very much for the invitation. My name is Sherman. I’m

 

559

00:28:11.400 –> 00:28:15.100

an assistant professor at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.

 

560

00:28:14.100 –> 00:28:17.700

And I live in Juneau in the ancestral lands

 

561

00:28:17.700 –> 00:28:20.500

of the clinging people. And I really

 

562

00:28:20.500 –> 00:28:23.700

appreciate the previous talks. Actually.

 

563

00:28:23.700 –> 00:28:26.800

I make me feel more confident that I’m not gonna you know,

 

564

00:28:26.800 –> 00:28:29.700

start a lot of chaos because I’m not contradicting anything

 

565

00:28:29.700 –> 00:28:32.100

that both speakers have shared but I

 

566

00:28:32.100 –> 00:28:35.600

do want to offer a different fairly different perspective from

 

567

00:28:35.600 –> 00:28:39.100

what we usually hear or read in in

 

568

00:28:38.100 –> 00:28:39.900

public media.

 

569

00:28:41.100 –> 00:28:44.200

So maybe a little bit of background that can help understand a little

 

570

00:28:44.200 –> 00:28:47.500

bit more why I think this way it’s talking about myself. So

 

571

00:28:47.500 –> 00:28:48.600

I really have my

 

572

00:28:49.400 –> 00:28:52.500

Introduction to seaweeds as a farmer and not an

 

573

00:28:52.500 –> 00:28:55.900

academic. So before even thinking on Academia, I

 

574

00:28:55.900 –> 00:28:58.400

started my secret path as I see with Farmer

 

575

00:28:58.400 –> 00:29:01.300

in the tropics. I was hired about 13 years ago

 

576

00:29:01.300 –> 00:29:02.300

to install.

 

577

00:29:03.300 –> 00:29:06.100

A farm that will look something like this on the

 

578

00:29:06.100 –> 00:29:10.000

upper image and this is from Africa somewhere over

 

579

00:29:09.200 –> 00:29:12.200

here in the Caribbean and you know,

 

580

00:29:12.200 –> 00:29:15.400

I was very naive at the time and I really dreamed that this was

 

581

00:29:15.400 –> 00:29:18.600

gonna flow just very easily going from this

 

582

00:29:18.600 –> 00:29:19.100

image right here.

 

583

00:29:20.100 –> 00:29:23.500

To the one in the middle right here,

 

584

00:29:23.500 –> 00:29:26.300

and I thought this was gonna take me I don’t know a few months maybe

 

585

00:29:26.300 –> 00:29:29.500

a year. But the reality is that I lived in

 

586

00:29:29.500 –> 00:29:32.600

this intermediate reality called failure for

 

587

00:29:32.600 –> 00:29:35.500

a long time before I can actually figure out

 

588

00:29:35.500 –> 00:29:38.500

and honestly, the only thing that kept me

 

589

00:29:38.500 –> 00:29:41.500

going while I was navigating this intermediate reality

 

590

00:29:41.500 –> 00:29:44.900

was the fact that I was so convinced that with

 

591

00:29:44.900 –> 00:29:47.700

my Farming Farming. I was

 

592

00:29:47.700 –> 00:29:48.900

creating habitat.

 

593

00:29:49.700 –> 00:29:52.900

You know those Illusions or dreams where broken into

 

594

00:29:52.900 –> 00:29:55.300

pieces when someone approached me and told

 

595

00:29:55.300 –> 00:29:58.800

me you know, Sherry, you’re not creating habitat for

 

596

00:29:58.800 –> 00:30:01.200

fish what you have there is a fish

 

597

00:30:01.200 –> 00:30:01.900

aggregating device.

 

598

00:30:02.900 –> 00:30:05.700

And you are not creating habitat for inverts.

 

599

00:30:05.700 –> 00:30:08.500

You’re actually creating traps because every time

 

600

00:30:08.500 –> 00:30:09.400

you remove your

 

601

00:30:10.300 –> 00:30:13.700

Seaweed and your ropes from the water you’re bringing

 

602

00:30:13.700 –> 00:30:16.300

all of those animals that settle there to the

 

603

00:30:16.300 –> 00:30:18.400

beach and you’re letting them dry.

 

604

00:30:20.200 –> 00:30:23.500

And honestly, well imagine hearing that after you thought you

 

605

00:30:23.500 –> 00:30:26.600

were going doing something good for the environment. And again,

 

606

00:30:26.600 –> 00:30:28.500

I wasn’t a scientist. I was just

 

607

00:30:29.200 –> 00:30:32.400

not just I wasn’t normal person not thinking in

 

608

00:30:32.400 –> 00:30:35.200

science, but those comments really shape the way

 

609

00:30:35.200 –> 00:30:38.400

I think an approach science nowadays. So now

 

610

00:30:38.400 –> 00:30:41.400

just as in law you have everyone is innocent

 

611

00:30:41.400 –> 00:30:44.900

until proven guilty for Sherry when it comes to ecosystem Services

 

612

00:30:44.900 –> 00:30:47.700

all ecosystem Services by say

 

613

00:30:47.700 –> 00:30:50.700

with Farms are theoretical until measured

 

614

00:30:50.700 –> 00:30:52.800

and proven over space and time.

 

615

00:30:54.200 –> 00:30:57.800

So for me if I were to put this in a box, I’ll say ecosystem

 

616

00:30:57.800 –> 00:31:00.500

Services fall on that gray area. We’re not

 

617

00:31:00.500 –> 00:31:03.800

everything holds true a hundred percent of the time. So I

 

618

00:31:03.800 –> 00:31:06.400

really appreciate what Tiffany said she repeated

 

619

00:31:06.400 –> 00:31:10.300

over and over again could might possibly potentially

 

620

00:31:09.300 –> 00:31:12.500

and that it’s true, especially when

 

621

00:31:12.500 –> 00:31:16.000

we think on services like carbon sequestration biodiversity

 

622

00:31:15.500 –> 00:31:18.800

enhancement habitat provisioning Coastal protection

 

623

00:31:18.800 –> 00:31:21.200

and you know, there are many more but

 

624

00:31:21.200 –> 00:31:25.000

I just want to focus this because these are the ones that are constantly reiterated

 

625

00:31:24.600 –> 00:31:27.000

in the you know media.

 

626

00:31:27.700 –> 00:31:30.500

However, there are some services that do occur

 

627

00:31:30.500 –> 00:31:33.300

a hundred percent of the time and those are usually

 

628

00:31:33.300 –> 00:31:36.200

linked to Z with physiology. But just to

 

629

00:31:36.200 –> 00:31:39.500

keep it simple. I’ll say nutrientoptic nutrient removal

 

630

00:31:39.500 –> 00:31:42.600

nutrient Cycles. They happen yes or yes because

 

631

00:31:42.600 –> 00:31:45.200

see, it’s pretty much need to

 

632

00:31:45.200 –> 00:31:47.600

go through these processes to leave.

 

633

00:31:48.400 –> 00:31:51.200

So when we think about Neutron removal, we know

 

634

00:31:51.200 –> 00:31:53.700

that it happens and that removal can.

 

635

00:31:55.200 –> 00:31:58.400

Then lean to an improvement in water quality and you

 

636

00:31:58.400 –> 00:32:01.600

usually see these term as phyto

 

637

00:32:01.600 –> 00:32:04.600

remediation or nutrient bio extraction. So we

 

638

00:32:04.600 –> 00:32:07.200

really don’t need to go and measure this happens because we know

 

639

00:32:07.200 –> 00:32:10.300

it happens what it’s interesting is. Okay. Now that

 

640

00:32:10.300 –> 00:32:13.700

we know it happens. How much is removed from the water column when

 

641

00:32:13.700 –> 00:32:16.300

we farm and how much could farmers and

 

642

00:32:16.300 –> 00:32:20.300

if there was or where Revenue systems

 

643

00:32:19.300 –> 00:32:20.900

in place?

 

644

00:32:22.200 –> 00:32:25.100

So these are actually two very cool questions and to answer

 

645

00:32:25.100 –> 00:32:28.900

these questions. I partnered with a bunch of people who really

 

646

00:32:28.900 –> 00:32:31.300

are helped me to gather data. So

 

647

00:32:31.300 –> 00:32:34.500

this includes people from multiple institutions, but

 

648

00:32:34.500 –> 00:32:38.200

also at least 11 Farmers or Farmers farming entities

 

649

00:32:37.200 –> 00:32:40.300

five in the east coast of

 

650

00:32:40.300 –> 00:32:43.600

the US six in the west coast, mainly Alaska or

 

651

00:32:43.600 –> 00:32:44.800

actually all of them from Alaska

 

652

00:32:46.400 –> 00:32:48.500

And then we say, okay, let’s do this.

 

653

00:32:49.500 –> 00:32:52.500

So in brief Farmers receive a toolkit,

 

654

00:32:52.500 –> 00:32:56.600

this is just a part of image on the first panel.

 

655

00:32:55.600 –> 00:32:58.300

So it’s color nutrient extraction

 

656

00:32:58.300 –> 00:33:01.700

toolkit and the toolkit was designed to both all

 

657

00:33:01.700 –> 00:33:04.000

of the materials and protocols that farmers will

 

658

00:33:04.300 –> 00:33:07.700

need to collect tissue and water samples and to collect yields

 

659

00:33:07.700 –> 00:33:10.400

Harvest so they went they they did

 

660

00:33:10.400 –> 00:33:13.100

their farming operations as usual collecting the samples and then

 

661

00:33:13.100 –> 00:33:16.600

they ship them back to me and then I did all of the processing and

 

662

00:33:16.600 –> 00:33:20.300

the analysis calculations focusing

 

663

00:33:19.300 –> 00:33:22.700

on carbon and nitrogen removal. So

 

664

00:33:22.700 –> 00:33:24.500

I’m going to show you a bit of data. It’s a

 

665

00:33:25.500 –> 00:33:28.900

very simple to understand but I’ll walk you through through it.

 

666

00:33:28.900 –> 00:33:31.400

So in these two graphs we

 

667

00:33:31.400 –> 00:33:34.800

have the average carbon removal in grams of

 

668

00:33:34.800 –> 00:33:35.900

dry weight per meter.

 

669

00:33:36.500 –> 00:33:38.500

So meter of line that was harvested.

 

670

00:33:39.200 –> 00:33:42.500

On the horizontal axis the farms and here are

 

671

00:33:42.500 –> 00:33:45.700

six of the 11 Farms. So Main,

 

672

00:33:45.700 –> 00:33:48.400

New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Stonington in

 

673

00:33:48.400 –> 00:33:51.800

the symbol Islands in Connecticut. And wi is

 

674

00:33:51.800 –> 00:33:54.300

Alaska, although it doesn’t make any sense why it’s

 

675

00:33:54.300 –> 00:33:54.800

WI

 

676

00:33:56.100 –> 00:33:59.300

so we have 2020 and 2021 and what I

 

677

00:33:59.300 –> 00:34:01.700

want to highlight two things first is the variability.

 

678

00:34:02.400 –> 00:34:05.300

Over time and this is why we need to measure over

 

679

00:34:05.300 –> 00:34:08.300

time and not only once and the second

 

680

00:34:08.300 –> 00:34:11.200

thing. I want to measure not measure I want to

 

681

00:34:11.200 –> 00:34:11.800

mention is

 

682

00:34:14.800 –> 00:34:17.300

Is I forgot but maybe I should mention that

 

683

00:34:17.300 –> 00:34:21.200

in this case. I’ll Focus only in 2021 and

 

684

00:34:20.200 –> 00:34:23.300

Stonington had the

 

685

00:34:23.300 –> 00:34:26.700

most removable per meter. So 700 grams

 

686

00:34:26.700 –> 00:34:29.400

in it per meter of line that

 

687

00:34:29.400 –> 00:34:32.400

was collected. Now. This is numbers not very

 

688

00:34:32.400 –> 00:34:35.000

fun, but we can translate this to Dollars kind of

 

689

00:34:35.300 –> 00:34:36.300

like what Tiffany did.

 

690

00:34:38.300 –> 00:34:40.300

But I think this is calculated differently.

 

691

00:34:41.200 –> 00:34:42.300

So let’s take a look at this.

 

692

00:34:43.700 –> 00:34:46.800

So the international voluntary carbon market

 

693

00:34:46.800 –> 00:34:50.000

for 2021 set the

 

694

00:34:49.600 –> 00:34:52.400

price of ton or per

 

695

00:34:52.400 –> 00:34:55.700

ton of carbon at 12.5 dollars. Now

 

696

00:34:55.700 –> 00:34:57.900

these numbers change depending on where you Google.

 

697

00:34:59.600 –> 00:35:03.200

At that time in 2021 when I look for different carbon offsetting

 

698

00:35:02.200 –> 00:35:05.600

programs, which is different than the credit program

 

699

00:35:05.600 –> 00:35:08.900

the price per ton of carbon. Foul somber

 

700

00:35:08.900 –> 00:35:10.900

between six and 12.

 

701

00:35:12.200 –> 00:35:14.800

Um hundred dollars 1200 dollars is a lot of money.

 

702

00:35:17.200 –> 00:35:20.500

Um, and these are private entities the six dollars. It’s from

 

703

00:35:20.500 –> 00:35:23.500

a government that 1200 from private entities. Now,

 

704

00:35:23.500 –> 00:35:26.500

let’s look at what these graphs means. So one metric

 

705

00:35:26.500 –> 00:35:29.600

ton, which is what is used as the metric for payment. It’s

 

706

00:35:29.600 –> 00:35:32.500

equal to 1 million grams. So if

 

707

00:35:32.500 –> 00:35:35.900

we focus on starting we said that there were 700 grams

 

708

00:35:35.900 –> 00:35:39.900

removed per meter. This means that is 0.0007 metric

 

709

00:35:39.900 –> 00:35:42.500

tons of carbon. So if

 

710

00:35:42.500 –> 00:35:45.400

stunning done intended to make some money out of

 

711

00:35:45.400 –> 00:35:49.200

the farm based on carbon trading then starting

 

712

00:35:48.200 –> 00:35:51.700

will need to grow a little bit over a thousand

 

713

00:35:51.700 –> 00:35:54.000

meters or in feet more than

 

714

00:35:54.900 –> 00:35:55.700

3,000 feet. Assuming that

 

715

00:35:56.700 –> 00:35:59.300

This cargo removal Remains the Same because

 

716

00:35:59.300 –> 00:36:02.700

notice the difference between 2020 and 2021. So

 

717

00:36:02.700 –> 00:36:05.300

there is money here, but it’s money at Scales.

 

718

00:36:05.900 –> 00:36:08.500

Now we look at nitrogen. The figures

 

719

00:36:08.500 –> 00:36:11.600

have exactly the same layout. So is the average nitrogen

 

720

00:36:11.600 –> 00:36:14.300

removal in grams of dry weight per meter

 

721

00:36:14.300 –> 00:36:16.100

and the Palms are in the same order.

 

722

00:36:17.100 –> 00:36:20.500

2020 and 2021 again notice a variability between

 

723

00:36:20.500 –> 00:36:20.900

years

 

724

00:36:23.300 –> 00:36:26.700

in this case, we look at a maximum removal in 2021

 

725

00:36:26.700 –> 00:36:30.800

with Main and Stonington leading

 

726

00:36:29.800 –> 00:36:32.300

the place and then followed by New

 

727

00:36:32.300 –> 00:36:33.400

Hampshire and then, Alaska

 

728

00:36:34.300 –> 00:36:37.300

Rhode Island, and the symbol islands didn’t do very well that

 

729

00:36:37.300 –> 00:36:37.500

year.

 

730

00:36:38.900 –> 00:36:41.900

But that’s another topic. Let’s think about

 

731

00:36:41.900 –> 00:36:43.800

this in terms of price.

 

732

00:36:45.400 –> 00:36:48.500

Differently than carbon there

 

733

00:36:48.500 –> 00:36:51.400

is not really a nitrogen trading program

 

734

00:36:51.400 –> 00:36:54.300

per se but we can take the example of the state

 

735

00:36:54.300 –> 00:36:57.600

of Connecticut. The state actually has a very robust

 

736

00:36:57.600 –> 00:37:00.700

water quality trading program and it sets

 

737

00:37:00.700 –> 00:37:03.400

the value of nitrogen at seven dollars and

 

738

00:37:03.400 –> 00:37:07.100

seven cents per kilogram not on

 

739

00:37:06.100 –> 00:37:09.100

but per kilograms. So we look

 

740

00:37:09.100 –> 00:37:12.600

at the math one kilogram equals a thousand grams we

 

741

00:37:12.600 –> 00:37:15.500

go back to Stonington and Main they are

 

742

00:37:15.500 –> 00:37:18.400

removing 0.45 kilograms per meter.

 

743

00:37:18.400 –> 00:37:21.600

That means that to make some money out of nitrogen. They

 

744

00:37:21.600 –> 00:37:24.500

will have to harvest two meters of line or

 

745

00:37:24.500 –> 00:37:27.600

close to eight feet if these conditions

 

746

00:37:28.800 –> 00:37:30.600

remain the same.

 

747

00:37:32.100 –> 00:37:35.300

So just to conclude. Yes, she will farming in the ocean has

 

748

00:37:35.300 –> 00:37:39.000

positive impacts in the form of ecosystem services. But

 

749

00:37:38.500 –> 00:37:41.100

which ones where and how

 

750

00:37:41.100 –> 00:37:44.400

much that’s what we need to answer just saying yes

 

751

00:37:44.400 –> 00:37:47.400

or no. There is a service that has little to no utility.

 

752

00:37:48.100 –> 00:37:51.300

And space and time are super important. There is lots

 

753

00:37:51.300 –> 00:37:54.300

of variability from year to year. So it only makes

 

754

00:37:54.300 –> 00:37:58.300

sense to have repeated assessments over time.

 

755

00:37:57.300 –> 00:38:00.400

And with that

 

756

00:38:00.400 –> 00:38:03.900

I’ll finish. Thanks.

 

757

00:38:07.100 –> 00:38:10.500

Amazing. Thank you. Very that was that was really wonderful and

 

758

00:38:10.500 –> 00:38:13.400

really well put great points there. I saw um,

 

759

00:38:13.400 –> 00:38:16.400

Tiffany and Carrie nodding along. Um,

 

760

00:38:16.400 –> 00:38:19.100

did you mind pinning our

 

761

00:38:19.100 –> 00:38:22.300

our three panelists and we’re gonna move into

 

762

00:38:22.300 –> 00:38:24.900

the question and answer section of the

 

763

00:38:26.200 –> 00:38:30.700

Of our time. So I see we have one question on in

 

764

00:38:30.700 –> 00:38:33.400

the chat. Please everyone feel free to either raise

 

765

00:38:33.400 –> 00:38:36.300

your hand or go ahead and put a question in the

 

766

00:38:36.300 –> 00:38:39.500

chat. So Jamie Lee who’s I

 

767

00:38:39.500 –> 00:38:41.400

believe growing in Iceland? She asks,

 

768

00:38:42.300 –> 00:38:45.400

Um, how do these perspectives change when

 

769

00:38:45.400 –> 00:38:48.500

looking at Large Scale farming and remote areas without you verification

 

770

00:38:48.500 –> 00:38:51.400

or anthropogenic nutrient input. I know

 

771

00:38:51.400 –> 00:38:54.200

that cherry we’ve talked about this and and the Alaska

 

772

00:38:54.200 –> 00:38:56.200

context specifically that I wondered if you

 

773

00:38:57.500 –> 00:38:57.900

Anyone wanted to comment.

 

774

00:39:04.100 –> 00:39:07.200

Well, I I’ll just start and maybe punt back

 

775

00:39:07.200 –> 00:39:10.300

over to Sherry because she raised some very excellent points that

 

776

00:39:10.300 –> 00:39:13.500

we do need to be quantifying and measuring

 

777

00:39:13.500 –> 00:39:16.700

these ecosystem Services over time and over

 

778

00:39:16.700 –> 00:39:19.500

space and so, you know, I really

 

779

00:39:19.500 –> 00:39:23.100

appreciate your question because the the study

 

780

00:39:22.100 –> 00:39:25.500

sites that I’ve been working on are very

 

781

00:39:25.500 –> 00:39:28.900

small-scale farms in the Gulf of Maine and really

 

782

00:39:28.900 –> 00:39:32.200

cannot draw conclusions on

 

783

00:39:31.200 –> 00:39:35.400

the services that

 

784

00:39:35.400 –> 00:39:38.600

we’re seeing beyond that right? So we do

 

785

00:39:38.600 –> 00:39:41.800

need to replicate these studies at large or

 

786

00:39:41.800 –> 00:39:45.100

scales and in different geographies. You

 

787

00:39:44.100 –> 00:39:48.200

Know Tiffany had mentioned a global review excellent

 

788

00:39:47.200 –> 00:39:50.400

piece of work you dig into

 

789

00:39:50.400 –> 00:39:54.400

that review and look at what studies

 

790

00:39:53.400 –> 00:39:56.600

are we’re available. Just which

 

791

00:39:56.600 –> 00:40:00.700

ones were we’re done in in relation

 

792

00:40:00.700 –> 00:40:03.800

to seaweed. They were all tropical seaweed.

 

793

00:40:04.600 –> 00:40:07.400

No temperate seaweed farms in that work and that’s not

 

794

00:40:07.400 –> 00:40:10.900

a critique on the work. That’s just observing. What

 

795

00:40:10.900 –> 00:40:13.500

work has been done. And that’s the

 

796

00:40:13.500 –> 00:40:16.800

information base that we have to work with right now. So,

 

797

00:40:16.800 –> 00:40:19.500

you know like I’m gonna

 

798

00:40:19.500 –> 00:40:22.300

Echo Sherry again, like we only know what

 

799

00:40:22.300 –> 00:40:26.000

we’ve studied and we measured and we need to be careful about extrapolating

 

800

00:40:25.700 –> 00:40:28.800

conclusions beyond that. So really a

 

801

00:40:28.800 –> 00:40:31.600

call for more observation more science.

 

802

00:40:32.600 –> 00:40:35.100

When Sherry and Tiffany, I don’t know if you guys want to follow up on that.

 

803

00:40:36.300 –> 00:40:39.700

Sure. Thank you. Actually, this is this is a

 

804

00:40:39.700 –> 00:40:42.200

great question that I to some extent fear.

 

805

00:40:43.200 –> 00:40:46.300

So we we know that there is no train uptake and

 

806

00:40:46.300 –> 00:40:48.100

we know that there is no transcycling.

 

807

00:40:49.200 –> 00:40:52.500

And this is where the crude or potentially comes into place that

 

808

00:40:52.500 –> 00:40:55.500

could potentially lead to fight or remediation.

 

809

00:40:55.500 –> 00:40:58.400

So are we going to improve what needs

 

810

00:40:58.400 –> 00:41:01.500

no improvement and that’s the question if we

 

811

00:41:01.500 –> 00:41:04.900

go to a remote location where there is only I’m

 

812

00:41:04.900 –> 00:41:08.400

gonna call it natural sources of nutrients are

 

813

00:41:07.400 –> 00:41:10.600

we actually improving water quality or

 

814

00:41:10.600 –> 00:41:11.200

we are just

 

815

00:41:12.900 –> 00:41:15.400

not let’s call it maintaining it. So these are

 

816

00:41:15.400 –> 00:41:19.100

the kinds of questions that we really need to think about. What’s

 

817

00:41:18.100 –> 00:41:21.600

the specific context or scenario

 

818

00:41:21.600 –> 00:41:24.100

where the Farms are and which are the services that are

 

819

00:41:24.100 –> 00:41:27.200

that are actually being provided aside from

 

820

00:41:27.200 –> 00:41:28.700

being theoretical.

 

821

00:41:29.300 –> 00:41:30.300

Thank you for that question.

 

822

00:41:31.300 –> 00:41:34.400

Oh, I yeah, I completely agree with both Sherry and Carrie

 

823

00:41:34.400 –> 00:41:37.500

here. I would say it’s the question actually

 

824

00:41:37.500 –> 00:41:41.200

gets us to like the one situation where seaweed’s not

 

825

00:41:41.200 –> 00:41:44.100

the best for water quality. It’s kind of interesting. It’s like series are great

 

826

00:41:44.100 –> 00:41:47.900

nutrient scrubbers and we have so many eutrophic areas, you

 

827

00:41:47.900 –> 00:41:50.500

know and Marine aquatic environments around the world because

 

828

00:41:50.500 –> 00:41:53.600

of the you know, the the issues in

 

829

00:41:53.600 –> 00:41:56.300

terms of human settlement, but if you get into

 

830

00:41:56.300 –> 00:41:59.200

areas that have a lower nutrient load there

 

831

00:41:59.200 –> 00:42:02.500

is a real danger of running through those available nutrients and I

 

832

00:42:02.500 –> 00:42:05.700

know that department of energy through their offshore, you

 

833

00:42:05.700 –> 00:42:08.300

know work over the last few years. They really

 

834

00:42:08.300 –> 00:42:11.700

were trying to focus on what’s the potential for offshore see

 

835

00:42:11.700 –> 00:42:14.100

what off culture for biofuels and that was a big

 

836

00:42:14.100 –> 00:42:17.400

issue they ran into and they started thinking about things like upwellers, you

 

837

00:42:17.400 –> 00:42:20.700

know to bring in some of the nutrient dense water from deeper

 

838

00:42:20.700 –> 00:42:23.400

water and I’ll be honest with you terrified me and that’s

 

839

00:42:23.400 –> 00:42:27.100

probably because I’m from the west coast and I come from the shellfish industry,

 

840

00:42:26.100 –> 00:42:29.600

and I’m worried about acidic water, you

 

841

00:42:29.600 –> 00:42:31.200

know, so so

 

842

00:42:31.200 –> 00:42:34.500

I would definitely say that’s a that’s a topic of debate for

 

843

00:42:34.500 –> 00:42:38.100

sure is is these larger scale seaweed farms

 

844

00:42:37.100 –> 00:42:41.100

and what this is going to do for the

 

845

00:42:40.100 –> 00:42:43.400

nutrients in the area. I think there is

 

846

00:42:43.400 –> 00:42:46.500

definitely people that have done really good models on this and as as

 

847

00:42:46.500 –> 00:42:49.300

people especially in Alaska and BC these

 

848

00:42:49.300 –> 00:42:52.500

areas where there’s a lot of these larger lease applications

 

849

00:42:52.500 –> 00:42:55.400

going in I think monitoring of these is going

 

850

00:42:55.400 –> 00:42:58.900

to be essential do we see what kind of impacts versus

 

851

00:42:58.900 –> 00:43:00.800

benefits they’re having on the environment?

 

852

00:43:04.400 –> 00:43:07.200

Thanks, Tiffany and thanks everyone. Yeah, just as

 

853

00:43:07.200 –> 00:43:10.600

a kind of follow-up question seems like everyone has said we need to do more studies

 

854

00:43:10.600 –> 00:43:13.000

and and we’re research and I know we hear a lot

 

855

00:43:13.300 –> 00:43:16.400

from farmers who are wanting to help and participate in moving this

 

856

00:43:16.400 –> 00:43:19.400

body of work forward. What are the key variables that

 

857

00:43:19.400 –> 00:43:23.000

you as scientists need coming off of farms.

 

858

00:43:24.100 –> 00:43:26.300

In order to make progress in this area.

 

859

00:43:31.800 –> 00:43:32.900

That’s a big question.

 

860

00:43:34.400 –> 00:43:37.300

There’s there’s lots of different ways we can focus in on this,

 

861

00:43:37.300 –> 00:43:40.800

you know, I coming out of that survey work.

 

862

00:43:40.800 –> 00:43:43.400

There was clearly an interest in need

 

863

00:43:43.400 –> 00:43:46.600

to focus more on that that habitat and and

 

864

00:43:46.600 –> 00:43:49.900

biodiversity peace and also recognizing the

 

865

00:43:49.900 –> 00:43:52.200

the global work that’s been done

 

866

00:43:52.200 –> 00:43:55.400

has just been on on tropical not

 

867

00:43:55.400 –> 00:43:58.100

temperate and seeing all of the

 

868

00:43:58.100 –> 00:44:01.700

claims that are being made that

 

869

00:44:01.700 –> 00:44:03.800

you know, this is blanket statements that

 

870

00:44:04.700 –> 00:44:07.300

See weed Farms provide habitat period and

 

871

00:44:07.300 –> 00:44:10.600

there really needs to be more contextualization there. So in

 

872

00:44:10.600 –> 00:44:13.600

terms of that wedge of the pie the

 

873

00:44:13.600 –> 00:44:16.700

supporting and habitat ecosystem Services,

 

874

00:44:16.700 –> 00:44:19.600

we need observations like that’s the

 

875

00:44:19.600 –> 00:44:22.100

piece so, you know,

 

876

00:44:22.100 –> 00:44:25.700

maybe not being shy of partnering with

 

877

00:44:25.700 –> 00:44:28.500

Scientists to put cameras on your Farms

 

878

00:44:28.500 –> 00:44:31.200

to share your observations that you’re seeing when

 

879

00:44:31.200 –> 00:44:33.400

you’re out there to

 

880

00:44:34.800 –> 00:44:38.000

um, yeah, just any means possible

 

881

00:44:37.300 –> 00:44:40.400

to collect more of those observations over

 

882

00:44:40.400 –> 00:44:41.400

space and time.

 

883

00:44:42.400 –> 00:44:45.300

And then you know, I think you know

 

884

00:44:45.300 –> 00:44:49.400

Sherry was talking about in terms of the regulating ecosystem

 

885

00:44:48.400 –> 00:44:51.700

Services the nitrogen and

 

886

00:44:51.700 –> 00:44:54.900

the carbon, you know that again the

 

887

00:44:54.900 –> 00:44:57.700

LG is the algae which is growing on the benthos around

 

888

00:44:57.700 –> 00:45:00.900

a rope. Right? It’s it’s living it’s respiring. It’s

 

889

00:45:00.900 –> 00:45:03.400

photosynthesizing and so there’s a

 

890

00:45:03.400 –> 00:45:06.400

I think there’s a little bit more data that exists around

 

891

00:45:06.400 –> 00:45:09.000

those ecosystem services that wedge of the

 

892

00:45:09.500 –> 00:45:11.900

pie, but that’s certainly doesn’t mean that there.

 

893

00:45:12.800 –> 00:45:15.400

That we don’t have more questions and and we need more data.

 

894

00:45:15.400 –> 00:45:18.200

And so maybe Sherry can highlight a little

 

895

00:45:18.200 –> 00:45:21.300

bit more where the critical data gaps are

 

896

00:45:21.300 –> 00:45:23.700

for the the regulating services.

 

897

00:45:26.300 –> 00:45:29.700

Sure, and I’ll go a little bit tangential but we’ll

 

898

00:45:29.700 –> 00:45:32.000

try to answer the questions. So I think one of the

 

899

00:45:32.700 –> 00:45:33.100

bottlenecks is.

 

900

00:45:34.100 –> 00:45:37.900

The span of the project like for example, we get funding

 

901

00:45:37.900 –> 00:45:40.300

to run a project for two three years and

 

902

00:45:40.300 –> 00:45:43.200

then we do our best to collect a small as much

 

903

00:45:43.200 –> 00:45:46.300

data, but with things like see with farming that are only starting

 

904

00:45:46.300 –> 00:45:50.400

and right now there are a very small scale those

 

905

00:45:49.400 –> 00:45:52.500

sense of scale. Like, how is is this

 

906

00:45:52.500 –> 00:45:55.800

are these measurements Gonna Change when Farms larger?

 

907

00:45:56.600 –> 00:45:59.900

That will certainly Merit for programs that

 

908

00:45:59.900 –> 00:46:02.400

are gear more towards monitoring in the

 

909

00:46:02.400 –> 00:46:05.500

long term. And I think that there

 

910

00:46:05.500 –> 00:46:09.100

is no one better to monitor these than Farmers because you’re there

 

911

00:46:08.100 –> 00:46:12.200

most of the time and we are usually here

 

912

00:46:11.200 –> 00:46:14.600

most of the time so it’s

 

913

00:46:14.600 –> 00:46:17.400

it’s not yeah you is that

 

914

00:46:17.400 –> 00:46:20.400

collaboration there between farmers and and whomever is

 

915

00:46:20.400 –> 00:46:23.500

processing data that I think is key as far you

 

916

00:46:23.500 –> 00:46:26.700

know, it really depends on what questions we’re answering

 

917

00:46:26.700 –> 00:46:29.100

and that’s where you know the type of

 

918

00:46:29.100 –> 00:46:31.100

data that we will collect.

 

919

00:46:32.400 –> 00:46:35.600

But I will definitely work more towards

 

920

00:46:35.600 –> 00:46:38.200

funding in in the long term to understand

 

921

00:46:38.200 –> 00:46:41.400

processes much better and just

 

922

00:46:41.400 –> 00:46:44.800

to throw a little bit more info to me. It’s very interesting carry

 

923

00:46:44.800 –> 00:46:47.700

that you find no, no habitat

 

924

00:46:47.700 –> 00:46:50.100

provisioning really right and and I

 

925

00:46:50.100 –> 00:46:53.900

don’t know if this was a two three four year project, but who

 

926

00:46:53.900 –> 00:46:56.800

knows if that is gonna happen next year when it’s warmer or

 

927

00:46:56.800 –> 00:46:59.400

if it rained too much, you know all of these questions.

 

928

00:47:00.300 –> 00:47:03.400

No good. Yeah, great story say answer

 

929

00:47:03.400 –> 00:47:06.400

your question. It was it was two years. So we collected data for

 

930

00:47:06.400 –> 00:47:09.800

full two years both during the growing season and the

 

931

00:47:09.800 –> 00:47:12.600

summer not growing season year-round and what

 

932

00:47:12.600 –> 00:47:15.200

we saw was there’s not a

 

933

00:47:15.200 –> 00:47:18.900

lot happening in the Gulf of Maine in the winter. It’s pretty cold a lot

 

934

00:47:18.900 –> 00:47:21.500

of species moving around but as

 

935

00:47:21.500 –> 00:47:24.600

that water warms and the species start to moving closer

 

936

00:47:24.600 –> 00:47:27.200

to the coast. That’s exactly when the Farms are

 

937

00:47:27.200 –> 00:47:31.200

coming out. So it’s it’s really that timing piece in

 

938

00:47:30.200 –> 00:47:33.500

the practice of our farming right

 

939

00:47:33.500 –> 00:47:36.500

now. So you’re right if we move our Farms

 

940

00:47:36.500 –> 00:47:40.000

Shore if we scale up if

 

941

00:47:39.700 –> 00:47:42.700

climate change Alters the

 

942

00:47:42.700 –> 00:47:45.500

timing of when we’re farming or

 

943

00:47:45.500 –> 00:47:48.600

when species are moving around all of these factors

 

944

00:47:48.600 –> 00:47:51.600

would I’d anticipate impact our

 

945

00:47:51.600 –> 00:47:53.100

results and our conclusions.

 

946

00:47:56.500 –> 00:47:59.500

I can take it in a slightly different direction. But maybe this is

 

947

00:47:59.700 –> 00:48:02.500

um, because I agree with everything you guys just said, um, but I

 

948

00:48:02.500 –> 00:48:05.900

think that if asking like what can farmers do which

 

949

00:48:05.900 –> 00:48:09.200

this is part of this but what I’ve seen from I get

 

950

00:48:08.200 –> 00:48:11.500

worried as somebody who loves seaweed

 

951

00:48:11.500 –> 00:48:14.900

is obsessed with seaweed. I think seaweed has so much great potential I

 

952

00:48:14.900 –> 00:48:17.400

get worried about some blowback from the

 

953

00:48:17.400 –> 00:48:20.600

general public when when slash if

 

954

00:48:20.600 –> 00:48:23.800

we get to the point where we can really properly quantify the

 

955

00:48:23.800 –> 00:48:26.300

actual numbers behind sequestration and they

 

956

00:48:26.300 –> 00:48:29.700

may be a lot lower than people are thinking we

 

957

00:48:29.700 –> 00:48:32.500

might not get to a verifiable credit. It might

 

958

00:48:32.500 –> 00:48:35.900

be very minimal as compared to terrestrial carbon.

 

959

00:48:35.900 –> 00:48:38.200

It’s not to say it’s not valuable, right? We need

 

960

00:48:38.200 –> 00:48:41.600

nothing is gonna be the Silver Bullet. There can be a lot of different climate

 

961

00:48:41.600 –> 00:48:45.100

Solutions, but I think sometimes the

 

962

00:48:44.100 –> 00:48:47.500

the real benefits of

 

963

00:48:47.500 –> 00:48:51.700

seaweed can get lost in that story. It’s incredibly

 

964

00:48:51.700 –> 00:48:54.800

powerful that seaweed is a very low greenhouse

 

965

00:48:54.800 –> 00:48:56.200

gas almost neutral.

 

966

00:48:56.700 –> 00:48:59.500

An industry that uses like almost no

 

967

00:48:59.500 –> 00:49:03.200

fresh water except for some processing. No land no

 

968

00:49:02.200 –> 00:49:05.900

fertilizer when done well, it’s it’s

 

969

00:49:05.900 –> 00:49:09.300

an incredibly like climate friendly industry and

 

970

00:49:09.300 –> 00:49:12.900

I think having that emphasis and having Farmers helped

 

971

00:49:12.900 –> 00:49:15.600

tell that story as well as a basis I think

 

972

00:49:15.600 –> 00:49:18.300

is really important and then going into

 

973

00:49:18.300 –> 00:49:21.700

what we know like again really great for nutrient removal

 

974

00:49:21.700 –> 00:49:24.500

could be positive for Habitat in

 

975

00:49:24.500 –> 00:49:27.600

certain areas, right and then maybe along

 

976

00:49:27.600 –> 00:49:30.000

with the sequestration but I think a lot of a lot of people

 

977

00:49:30.800 –> 00:49:33.200

sometimes ngos as well will lead with

 

978

00:49:33.200 –> 00:49:36.200

this sequestration angle and I worry that if we get to

 

979

00:49:36.200 –> 00:49:39.400

a point where we say, actually we don’t have a lot of benefit there

 

980

00:49:39.400 –> 00:49:42.200

that everyone’s like well then if you’re see week, you

 

981

00:49:42.200 –> 00:49:45.500

know, and I don’t want to get to that point because it’s it’s there’s

 

982

00:49:45.500 –> 00:49:48.400

so many great amazing things about seaweed as

 

983

00:49:48.400 –> 00:49:48.800

an industry.

 

984

00:49:50.600 –> 00:49:53.300

Thanks Tiffany. I think that’s a really important point and I appreciated that

 

985

00:49:53.300 –> 00:49:56.200

you you kind of showed those two different angles of

 

986

00:49:56.200 –> 00:49:59.700

the avoided carbon versus the actual uptake

 

987

00:49:59.700 –> 00:50:00.500

in your

 

988

00:50:00.900 –> 00:50:03.400

In your in your sort of visual there and I

 

989

00:50:03.400 –> 00:50:06.200

think that is a really important factor for a lot

 

990

00:50:06.200 –> 00:50:09.200

of harvest to understand is that this product has the

 

991

00:50:09.200 –> 00:50:12.500

ability to avoid emissions other like uses. Yeah.

 

992

00:50:13.100 –> 00:50:16.600

A question from Aviary a farmer in Juneau.

 

993

00:50:16.600 –> 00:50:19.400

He’s interested in recording data on important metrics

 

994

00:50:19.400 –> 00:50:22.600

on my kill farms such as temperature salinity Etc.

 

995

00:50:22.600 –> 00:50:25.300

Can you point me towards any helpful resources regarding which

 

996

00:50:25.300 –> 00:50:28.400

metrics are most important in the data recorders that are most trusted

 

997

00:50:28.400 –> 00:50:31.300

in the industry. If you

 

998

00:50:31.300 –> 00:50:34.400

guys have any off the top of your head Asia also say that in the HUB on

 

999

00:50:34.400 –> 00:50:37.600

the site evaluation lesson, or

 

1000

00:50:37.600 –> 00:50:40.400

course, we have a list of tools that Green

 

1001

00:50:40.400 –> 00:50:43.200

Wave uses. Oh and looks like Julia put it in the

 

1002

00:50:43.200 –> 00:50:43.700

chat, too.

 

1003

00:50:45.600 –> 00:50:47.900

If you guys have any favorites feel free to chime in.

 

1004

00:50:53.100 –> 00:50:56.600

Alright, I’ll move on Sharon mcgreen ask does it

 

1005

00:50:56.600 –> 00:50:59.300

make sense to beef up Baseline data collection

 

1006

00:50:59.300 –> 00:51:02.400

in areas targeted for seaweed leases

 

1007

00:51:02.400 –> 00:51:03.300

before they go in.

 

1008

00:51:06.200 –> 00:51:10.100

Oh, I want to say something here. So our

 

1009

00:51:09.100 –> 00:51:14.500

you know our permitting process

 

1010

00:51:12.500 –> 00:51:15.100

right now

 

1011

00:51:15.100 –> 00:51:19.300

right when you apply for a lease.

 

1012

00:51:20.200 –> 00:51:23.300

Often there’s several questions on

 

1013

00:51:23.300 –> 00:51:27.200

there about potential negative impacts of

 

1014

00:51:26.200 –> 00:51:29.300

your farm and whatever place it’s

 

1015

00:51:29.300 –> 00:51:29.400

going.

 

1016

00:51:30.500 –> 00:51:33.700

Has anyone seen any questions that ask what

 

1017

00:51:33.700 –> 00:51:35.900

are the potential benefits of your farm?

 

1018

00:51:37.900 –> 00:51:38.700

Why not?

 

1019

00:51:39.700 –> 00:51:42.400

Like can we balance this

 

1020

00:51:42.400 –> 00:51:45.200

please like um, so, you know, this is an

 

1021

00:51:45.200 –> 00:51:48.400

area that I wanted to a little bit more and

 

1022

00:51:48.400 –> 00:51:51.500

I had been working with a few colleagues that Noah to

 

1023

00:51:51.500 –> 00:51:54.300

explore what you what how do

 

1024

00:51:54.300 –> 00:51:57.100

we change this? What are some Pathways where we can be a little

 

1025

00:51:57.100 –> 00:52:00.900

bit more balanced in our observations in

 

1026

00:52:00.900 –> 00:52:03.400

this permitting process, so

 

1027

00:52:05.300 –> 00:52:08.400

I don’t have a good answer for the specific answer

 

1028

00:52:08.400 –> 00:52:12.800

for the specific question, but I recognize it and and I’ll

 

1029

00:52:11.800 –> 00:52:13.300

leave it at that.

 

1030

00:52:18.200 –> 00:52:21.600

And to add to that and maybe taking it into a different direction. I

 

1031

00:52:21.600 –> 00:52:24.300

will say that if you have the opportunity to monitor your

 

1032

00:52:24.300 –> 00:52:27.500

site prior to I will do it just because

 

1033

00:52:27.500 –> 00:52:29.500

not every site is good for farming.

 

1034

00:52:30.400 –> 00:52:32.600

So you you want to protect your investment for sure?

 

1035

00:52:36.600 –> 00:52:37.400

Yeah, great point.

 

1036

00:52:38.800 –> 00:52:41.900

Um a question from Grace ha she writes.

 

1037

00:52:41.900 –> 00:52:44.500

It’s so interesting to see how the monetary values of

 

1038

00:52:44.500 –> 00:52:47.500

the carbon versus nitrogen credits were quite different. I

 

1039

00:52:47.500 –> 00:52:50.400

know nutrient credits are quite localized for good reasons and

 

1040

00:52:50.400 –> 00:52:53.200

each market has its quirks, but is there any work to make

 

1041

00:52:53.200 –> 00:52:55.700

nutrient markets more applicable on a larger scale?

 

1042

00:52:58.100 –> 00:53:02.600

Oh Tiffany.

 

1043

00:53:02.600 –> 00:53:03.700

I hope you can answer that one.

 

1044

00:53:05.100 –> 00:53:08.100

You can and that’s why I’m kind of got my music look on here. I

 

1045

00:53:08.100 –> 00:53:11.000

think I’m getting beyond my my depth here in terms of

 

1046

00:53:11.100 –> 00:53:14.100

the bench that I have. I can talk with some colleagues about this and just

 

1047

00:53:14.100 –> 00:53:17.100

see there’s I have I have colleagues that are working much more in that

 

1048

00:53:17.100 –> 00:53:20.300

nutrient space. I know there’s a lot of effort in

 

1049

00:53:20.300 –> 00:53:24.200

the Massachusetts. There’s been different efforts nationally

 

1050

00:53:23.200 –> 00:53:26.400

and globally and so we’ve talked

 

1051

00:53:26.400 –> 00:53:29.800

about this at one point like how great would it be if if you

 

1052

00:53:29.800 –> 00:53:32.500

know Vera right Vera does the verified carbon kind

 

1053

00:53:32.500 –> 00:53:35.100

of credits voluntary credits, you know, is there a need

 

1054

00:53:35.100 –> 00:53:38.300

for a regulatory or a voluntary body, you know in the

 

1055

00:53:38.300 –> 00:53:41.100

nutrient crediting space, what would that look like? Could we

 

1056

00:53:41.100 –> 00:53:44.100

do that at a broader level, you know,

 

1057

00:53:44.100 –> 00:53:47.100

given the different Regional variations? So I think

 

1058

00:53:47.100 –> 00:53:50.200

it’s definitely something people have thought about I’ve been

 

1059

00:53:50.200 –> 00:53:53.100

a part of some of those conversations, but I’m not sure

 

1060

00:53:53.100 –> 00:53:56.300

how far they’ve gone. So let me put a bookmark in

 

1061

00:53:56.300 –> 00:53:59.700

that and ask some of my my nutrient colleagues

 

1062

00:53:59.700 –> 00:54:00.200

and get back to you.

 

1063

00:54:01.500 –> 00:54:04.900

I think the the conversation has gone farther with shellfish

 

1064

00:54:04.900 –> 00:54:07.900

than a seaweed. So I think we need to reflect on

 

1065

00:54:07.900 –> 00:54:10.600

where the conversation has gone

 

1066

00:54:10.600 –> 00:54:14.200

and currently is Michelle fish primarily

 

1067

00:54:13.200 –> 00:54:17.100

oysters and Massachusetts area.

 

1068

00:54:16.100 –> 00:54:19.200

There’s been some work done like he said

 

1069

00:54:19.200 –> 00:54:19.400

but

 

1070

00:54:23.400 –> 00:54:26.100

Um a question from Thomas who says

 

1071

00:54:26.100 –> 00:54:29.500

on that note, how can more cooperation between seaweed and

 

1072

00:54:29.500 –> 00:54:32.700

shellfish increase mineralization of carbon? I’ve been

 

1073

00:54:32.700 –> 00:54:35.800

thinking about the development of scaffolding for shellfish for

 

1074

00:54:35.800 –> 00:54:38.200

instance, and then Johnny chimed in

 

1075

00:54:38.200 –> 00:54:40.200

and said, how about multiple species of Health as well?

 

1076

00:54:44.500 –> 00:54:50.100

Okay, I’ll

 

1077

00:54:49.100 –> 00:54:53.400

say something Sherry and

 

1078

00:54:53.400 –> 00:54:54.100

Tiffany keep pausing.

 

1079

00:54:56.100 –> 00:54:57.000

So I think

 

1080

00:54:58.700 –> 00:55:01.600

I think that we have a lot to learn about there’s

 

1081

00:55:01.600 –> 00:55:04.100

a lot of a lot of other species out there than what

 

1082

00:55:04.100 –> 00:55:07.800

we’re farming right now and we have a lot to learn about the potential

 

1083

00:55:07.800 –> 00:55:10.300

for those species both like what’s in them.

 

1084

00:55:10.300 –> 00:55:13.300

What’s what’s marketable. How do we grow them? Right.

 

1085

00:55:13.300 –> 00:55:16.300

I also think there’s a lot

 

1086

00:55:16.300 –> 00:55:19.600

of opportunity for co-culture of shellfish

 

1087

00:55:19.600 –> 00:55:20.500

and seaweeds.

 

1088

00:55:23.700 –> 00:55:27.300

There there’s a little bit of evidence to suggest

 

1089

00:55:26.300 –> 00:55:29.400

there’s a lot of observation and a little

 

1090

00:55:29.400 –> 00:55:33.400

bit of data. So suggest that both muscles

 

1091

00:55:32.400 –> 00:55:34.900

and seaweed.

 

1092

00:55:35.600 –> 00:55:38.800

Grow better when they’re in

 

1093

00:55:38.800 –> 00:55:41.300

cold culture. All right, so there’s some synergistic.

 

1094

00:55:42.300 –> 00:55:45.900

Interactions happening there faster growth

 

1095

00:55:45.900 –> 00:55:48.400

rates for muscles bigger meat

 

1096

00:55:48.400 –> 00:55:51.600

weights when they’re seaweed there. I’ve talked

 

1097

00:55:51.600 –> 00:55:54.600

to clam farmers in Florida and oyster farmers

 

1098

00:55:54.600 –> 00:55:57.800

and New England and and muscle farmers

 

1099

00:55:57.800 –> 00:56:01.300

and they all have the same observations and

 

1100

00:56:00.300 –> 00:56:03.200

I’m aware of a little

 

1101

00:56:03.200 –> 00:56:06.400

bit of data that’s been collected that I don’t think is published yet.

 

1102

00:56:06.400 –> 00:56:09.500

So this is definitely an area that a scientist

 

1103

00:56:09.500 –> 00:56:12.900

need to dig into more and try to quantify and

 

1104

00:56:12.900 –> 00:56:15.900

characterize. What are those interactions between

 

1105

00:56:15.900 –> 00:56:18.700

seaweed and shellfish we can

 

1106

00:56:18.700 –> 00:56:21.000

see that there’s some benefit there, but I don’t

 

1107

00:56:21.300 –> 00:56:25.900

think we fully understand that that interaction yet

 

1108

00:56:24.900 –> 00:56:27.700

and and certainly not across

 

1109

00:56:27.700 –> 00:56:30.300

all seaweed or selfish species and all

 

1110

00:56:30.300 –> 00:56:34.200

geographies. So again, it’s

 

1111

00:56:34.200 –> 00:56:37.300

not that’s that’s as much

 

1112

00:56:37.300 –> 00:56:41.500

as I get over towards that answer and maybe share

 

1113

00:56:40.500 –> 00:56:42.100

Tiffany are

 

1114

00:56:42.200 –> 00:56:43.500

Are some other work that’s been done.

 

1115

00:56:44.900 –> 00:56:47.200

Now I carry the reason why I pause I

 

1116

00:56:47.200 –> 00:56:50.300

was like, I I don’t have a lot of information. That’s so appreciate you taking that

 

1117

00:56:50.300 –> 00:56:53.600

one because I was like, let me think on this, um in terms of co-culture though.

 

1118

00:56:53.600 –> 00:56:56.500

I think I can speak to a more broadly that you

 

1119

00:56:56.500 –> 00:56:59.600

know environmentally we think that it’s a great idea, you

 

1120

00:56:59.600 –> 00:57:03.100

know, and the problem is often is that it can be really difficult operationally

 

1121

00:57:02.100 –> 00:57:05.200

and so to figure out

 

1122

00:57:05.200 –> 00:57:08.900

how to harvest multiple species without excess

 

1123

00:57:08.900 –> 00:57:11.500

biofiling to do so within

 

1124

00:57:11.500 –> 00:57:14.300

your own economic constraints how to design

 

1125

00:57:14.300 –> 00:57:18.200

the farm. And so I think there’s

 

1126

00:57:17.200 –> 00:57:20.500

some engos that have kind of moved away

 

1127

00:57:20.500 –> 00:57:24.500

a little bit from the co-culture or imta perspective or

 

1128

00:57:24.500 –> 00:57:27.700

pushing that too much knowing that operationally we

 

1129

00:57:27.700 –> 00:57:30.300

need to do some work there first. There’s one

 

1130

00:57:30.300 –> 00:57:33.300

Farm out of Washington state blue dot sea Farms

 

1131

00:57:33.300 –> 00:57:36.400

that does culture help and by valves together

 

1132

00:57:36.400 –> 00:57:40.200

and they’re they’re Farm manager. Charlie is

 

1133

00:57:39.200 –> 00:57:42.200

a really interesting guy to talk to I definitely recommend

 

1134

00:57:42.200 –> 00:57:44.500

1. They’ve really zeroed in on

 

1135

00:57:44.800 –> 00:57:47.400

Racially how to make that work and from their perspective they

 

1136

00:57:47.400 –> 00:57:50.400

do believe that there are benefits there for the growth

 

1137

00:57:50.400 –> 00:57:53.400

of their shellfish because of the seaweed and

 

1138

00:57:53.400 –> 00:57:56.200

so I think it depends on kind of how your orienting the

 

1139

00:57:56.200 –> 00:57:59.100

farm and what your water flow looks like, you know,

 

1140

00:57:59.100 –> 00:58:02.400

a lot of the co-culture species, you’re gonna see globally are Fin

 

1141

00:58:02.400 –> 00:58:06.400

fish related, right? You’re gonna see a lot of thin fish with shellfish

 

1142

00:58:05.400 –> 00:58:08.500

or seaweed in China in

 

1143

00:58:08.500 –> 00:58:12.400

particular. So that’s very well understood globally

 

1144

00:58:11.400 –> 00:58:14.300

in terms of the FED species and these

 

1145

00:58:14.300 –> 00:58:17.200

lower trophic systems, but I completely agree that there’s a

 

1146

00:58:17.200 –> 00:58:20.800

lot of still unknowns exactly how to kind of key into

 

1147

00:58:20.800 –> 00:58:23.500

that seaweed and shellfish Dynamic and how

 

1148

00:58:23.500 –> 00:58:26.200

to make them both most beneficial together while still being

 

1149

00:58:26.200 –> 00:58:29.900

able to harvest them and make money

 

1150

00:58:29.900 –> 00:58:30.400

off of them.

 

1151

00:58:31.900 –> 00:58:34.900

yeah, and maybe to close on that question,

 

1152

00:58:34.900 –> 00:58:38.700

which I was trying to avoid to provide any

 

1153

00:58:38.700 –> 00:58:39.500

insight, but

 

1154

00:58:40.400 –> 00:58:43.200

So these are complex systems and I’m just gonna give

 

1155

00:58:43.200 –> 00:58:46.400

an input from higher latitude where we have a lot of Darkness.

 

1156

00:58:47.300 –> 00:58:51.700

Help respires and when they do respire the

 

1157

00:58:51.700 –> 00:58:54.300

lower the pH of the water and that

 

1158

00:58:54.300 –> 00:58:57.300

is not beneficial for selfish. So I will I will leave it

 

1159

00:58:57.300 –> 00:59:01.200

there. It really depends on where you’re at and as

 

1160

00:59:00.200 –> 00:59:03.600

scary mentioned it really depends on what shellfish

 

1161

00:59:03.600 –> 00:59:04.100

we’re talking about.

 

1162

00:59:05.600 –> 00:59:05.800

so

 

1163

00:59:07.100 –> 00:59:07.400

yeah.

 

1164

00:59:08.200 –> 00:59:11.600

Lots of questions as we’ve been talking I’ll point

 

1165

00:59:11.600 –> 00:59:15.300

you to the work of Matthew Hargreaves did

 

1166

00:59:14.300 –> 00:59:17.400

some really great misocosm work

 

1167

00:59:17.400 –> 00:59:20.700

and also in field studies in Sweden

 

1168

00:59:20.700 –> 00:59:24.600

with seaweed and shellfish

 

1169

00:59:23.600 –> 00:59:27.100

co-culture. So Lindsey if

 

1170

00:59:27.100 –> 00:59:30.300

it’s helpful, I can pull some of his papers and pass them to you as maybe

 

1171

00:59:30.300 –> 00:59:32.300

a starting point for what we know.

 

1172

00:59:33.400 –> 00:59:36.300

Yeah, that would be fantastic and there was a comment chat

 

1173

00:59:36.300 –> 00:59:39.600

to be as well for some of the nutrient modeling work that you mentioned. So

 

1174

00:59:39.600 –> 00:59:42.400

there will definitely compile some of these resources and send

 

1175

00:59:42.400 –> 00:59:45.400

them out to everyone. I do want to be respectful of

 

1176

00:59:45.400 –> 00:59:48.100

everyone’s time and we are at the hour mark. So I’m going to go ahead

 

1177

00:59:48.100 –> 00:59:51.200

and wrap us up. But just a big thank you to all three of

 

1178

00:59:51.200 –> 00:59:54.700

you. It’s been really wonderful to have you here in such a fruitful discussion

 

1179

00:59:54.700 –> 00:59:57.500

and yeah, really optimistic and

 

1180

00:59:57.500 –> 01:00:00.600

and also nice to have that realistic perspective of

 

1181

01:00:00.600 –> 01:00:03.400

what we yeah where we need to dig into no more.

 

1182

01:00:03.400 –> 01:00:06.800

So, thank you all again for being here and folks join

 

1183

01:00:06.800 –> 01:00:09.400

us back here in May we’re gonna have one more from

 

1184

01:00:09.400 –> 01:00:12.300

our Forum this season a season retrospective where we

 

1185

01:00:12.300 –> 01:00:15.200

look at what worked well, and what didn’t on your farm this year and

 

1186

01:00:15.200 –> 01:00:18.300

share some of those learnings. So thanks to

 

1187

01:00:18.300 –> 01:00:21.300

everyone and have a great rest of the week. Thank you

 

1188

01:00:21.300 –> 01:00:23.400

all so much. Thank you.

 

1189

01:00:24.500 –> 01:00:25.700

Take care. Bye.